With the rapid increase in demand for energy storage batteries, shipments have risen sharply, and a large number of related companies have entered the energy storage market. In order to enhance the image and quality of their products, improve product competitiveness, and meet the needs of various countries or regions, more and more enterprises began to carry out UL 9540A test, in order to let everyone better understand this standard, Ankejie simple analysis of the requirements of the standard, as follows:
Energy Storage Systems UL 9540A test at each level
UL 9540A divides energy storage product testing into four levels: cell level, module level, unit (cabinet) level and installation level. The purpose, test process and test requirements of each test will be briefly described below.
Energy Storage Systems UL 9540A-Cell test:
purpose:
1. Determine the method and parameters of cell thermal runaway;
2. Determine the exhaust temperature of the cell;
3. Determine the thermal runaway temperature of the battery core;
4. Thermal runaway gas analysis (composition and performance).
Process:
1. Sample pretreatment
1.1 The battery cell shall be charged and discharged for two cycles according to the manufacturer's regulations;
keep the cell charged to 100%SOC before the 1.2 test, and keep it still for at least 1h and at most 8h;
1.3 In order to prevent excessive expansion during testing, the cells should simulate the binding conditions (e. g. fixed steel plates) in the BESS module.
2.1 Place the battery core in a sealed explosion-proof tank, and fill the tank with nitrogen;
2.2 Use a flexible film heater to induce thermal runaway of the cell (if it cannot be triggered, use acupuncture, overcharge, alternative heat source, etc.);
temperature measurement throughout the 2.3 initiation process. Record the exhaust temperature and thermal runaway start temperature;
2.4 collecting battery cells to discharge gas;
3. Gas analysis and combustion limit measurement of combustible gas
3.1 analysis of gas composition.
The combustion limit of a gas is 3.2 measured according to the composition of the combustible gas of the gas.
3.3 measure the combustion rate of the gas, the maximum explosion pressure of the gas.
4. Monitoring data
4.1 thermal runaway method
4.2 cell exhaust temperature
4.3 cell trigger thermal runaway temperature
4.4 the composition of the released gas;
total 4.5 gas;
lower flammability limit of 4.6 gas;
4.7 gas combustion rate;
maximum explosion pressure of 4.8 gas.
NOTE: If the battery cell meets the requirements of 1. it cannot cause thermal runaway; 2. the exhaust gas is non-combustible. There is no need for module testing, but in theory, the current lithium battery technology cannot produce combustible gas after it is out of control.
Energy Storage System UL 9540A-Module Test:
purpose:
1. Verify the degree of thermal runaway spread of the module;
2. Determine the heat release rate and module temperature;
3. Determination of gas composition and release rate;
4. Explosion hazard.
Process:
1. Sample pretreatment
1.1 The battery cell shall be charged and discharged for two cycles according to the manufacturer's regulations;
keep the cell charged to 100%SOC before the 1.2 test, and keep it still for at least 1h and at most 8h;
2. Thermal runaway test
the 2.1 test is carried out in the smoke collection hood (real-time collection and gas analysis);
the 2.2 adopts the method of heat runaway in the cell, and one or more cells are thermally runaway;
2.3 record the weight of the module before and after thermal runaway;
3. Monitoring data
3.1 thermal runaway spread;
3.2 heat release rate;
3.3 smoke release rate;
3.4 gas composition and total amount;
3.5 hydrogen concentration;
3.6 hydrocarbon content;
weight loss of 3.7 module;
video recording of the 3.8 test process.
NOTE: If the module meets the requirements of 1. The module design includes thermal runaway; 2. The exhaust gas in the cell test is non-combustible. There is no need for unit testing, but in theory, the current lithium battery technology cannot produce combustible gas after it is out of control. At the same time, the test at the module level should be such that no heat spread occurs.
Unit level tests:
Purpose:
1. The degree of thermal runaway spread of BESS units;
2. Measure the temperature and heat flux of the target BESS unit;
3. Measure the temperature and heat flux of the surrounding wall;
4. Determine if there is a fire/explosion.
Process:
1. Sample pretreatment
1.1 test configuration according to different installation conditions (indoor/outdoor; ground/wall; residential/non-residential; roof and garage);
before the 1.2 test, keep the start-up BESS at the maximum SOC, and keep it in the indoor environment for 8h at most;
2. Thermal runaway test
2.1 start thermal runaway BESS is located under the smoke collection hood;
the 2.2 adopts the method of thermal runaway in the module, and one or more cells are thermally runaway;
2.3 record the explosion and flame spread during the test;
3. Monitoring data
3.1 thermal runaway spread;
3.2 chemical heat release rate;
3.3 convective heat release rate;
3.3 smoke release rate;
3.4 gas composition and total amount
3.5 the temperature and heat flux of the BESS unit;
3.6 wall temperature and heat flux.
NOTE 1: Unit testing does not require installation testing if it meets the specified performance criteria.
NOTE 2: The test shall be terminated in the following circumstances
1. Start each module in BESS to return to room temperature;
2. Flame spread to adjacent BESS and wall;
3. Dangerous to test personnel or damage test equipment.
Test at installation level:
installation class BESS does not apply to outdoor or residential equipment only
objective: To evaluate the extent of thermal runaway spread; to evaluate the effectiveness of fire-fighting measures.
Process: 1. The test process and method are the same as BESS unit test;
2. Need to install sprinklers or other fire protection solutions (gaseous agents, water mist systems, etc.).
agorsett testing certification tips:
the test requirements of UL 9540A are derived from UL 9540. Its purpose is to evaluate the safety of the final product during installation and use and the exemption or relaxation of installation conditions (such as the increase of the total capacity of the energy storage system, the reduction of installation distance, etc.) through thermal runaway and heat spread tests. Therefore, the user of this report is the department or personnel authorized by the government where the product is installed, the visibility or recognition of the issuing body of the report is very important, so the SRF recommends that international certification bodies should be considered when selecting the issuing body of the report.
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