1. foreign power lithium-ion battery standard
table 1 lists the commonly used foreign lithium-ion battery test standards. The main standards issuing bodies are the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the American Underwriters Laboratory (UL), the American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the relevant institutions of the European Union.
Table 1 Common power lithium-ion battery standards abroad
1 International standards the main standards for power lithium-ion batteries issued by IEC are IEC 62660-1: 2010 "Lithium-ion Power Battery Monomer for Electric Road Vehicles-Part 1: Performance Testing" and IEC 62660-2: 2010 "Lithium-ion Power Battery Monomer for Electric Road Vehicles-Part 2: Reliability and Abuse Testing". The requirements for testing lithium batteries are for the safety of batteries in transport, as set out in UN 38.2, the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Standards and Test Manual. ISO standards for power lithium ion batteries include ISO 12405-1: 2011 "Electric Drive Vehicles-Test Rules for Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and Systems Part 1: High Power Applications", ISO 12405-2: 2012 "Electric Drive Vehicles-Test Rules for Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and Systems Part 2: High Energy Applications" and ISO 12405-3: 2014 "Electric Drive Vehicles-Test Rules for Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and Systems Part 3: Safety Requirements". For high-power batteries, high-energy batteries and safety performance requirements, the purpose is to provide vehicle manufacturers with optional test items and test methods. UL 2580: The 2011 "Battery for Electric Vehicles" mainly evaluates the reliability of battery abuse and the ability to protect personnel when abuse causes harm. This standard was revised in 2013. SAE has a large and complete standard system in the automotive field. SAE J2464: 2009 "Safety and Abuse Testing of Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles" issued in 2009 is an early batch of vehicle battery abuse test manuals applied in North America and the world. It clearly points out the application scope of each test item and the data to be collected, and also gives suggestions on the number of samples required for the test item. SAE J2929: 2011 "Safety Standard for Electric and Hybrid Power Battery Systems" promulgated in 2011 is a safety standard proposed by SAE on various power battery-related standards promulgated before the summary. It includes two parts: electric vehicles may occur during driving. regular condition test and abnormal condition test. SAE J2380: 2013 "Vibration Test of Electric Vehicle Battery" is a classic standard for vibration test of electric vehicle battery. Based on the statistical results of vibration load spectrum collection of actual vehicle driving on the road, the test method is more in line with the actual vibration of the vehicle and has important reference value.3 Other organizational standards the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is primarily responsible for energy policy formulation, energy industry management, and energy-related technology research and development. In 2002, the U.S. government established the "Free Car" (Freedom CAR) project, and successively issued the Freedom CAR power-assisted hybrid electric vehicle battery test manual and the energy storage system abuse test manual for electric and hybrid vehicles. The German Automobile Industry Association (VDA) is an association formed by Germany to unify various standards of the domestic automobile industry. The standards promulgated by the VDA 2007 "Battery System Test for Hybrid Vehicles" are mainly aimed at the lithium-ion battery system of hybrid vehicles. Performance and reliability test. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) R100. 2 "Uniform Provisions on Approval of Vehicles with respect to Special Requirements for Electric Vehicles" is ECE's specific requirements for electric vehicles. The whole is divided into two parts: the first part regulates the motor protection, rechargeable energy storage system, functional safety and hydrogen emission, and the second part is the newly added specific requirements for the safety and reliability of rechargeable energy storage system.2. domestic power lithium-ion battery standard in 2001, the Automotive Standardization Committee issued my country's first lithium-ion battery test guidance technical document GB/Z 18333. 1: 2011 "Lithium-ion batteries for electric road vehicles". The standard was formulated with reference to IEC 61960-2: 2000 "Portable Lithium Batteries and Batteries-Part 2: Lithium Batteries", lithium-ion batteries and batteries for portable equipment. The test content includes performance and safety, but only applies to 21.6V and 14.4V batteries. In 2006, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the QC/T 743 "Lithium-ion Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles", which was widely used in the industry and revised in 2012. GB/Z 18333. 1: 2001 and QC/T 743: 2006 are both standards for monomer and module levels, with a narrow application range, and the test content no longer meets the needs of the rapidly developing electric vehicle industry. In 2015, the National Standardization Management Committee issued a series of standards, GB/T 31484-2015 "Cycle Life Requirements and Test Methods for Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles", GB/T 31485-2015 "Safety Requirements and Test Methods for Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles", GB/T 31486-2015 "Electrical Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles" and GB/T 31467-2015 "Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and Systems for Electric Vehicles Part 1 High Power Application Test Code, GB/T 31467. 2-2015" Lithium-ion Power Battery Packs and Systems for Electric Vehicles Part 2 Test Procedures for High Energy Applications, GB/T 31467. 3 "Test Procedures for Lithium-ion Power Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles Part 3 Safety Requirements and Test Methods. GB/T 31485-2015 and GB/T 31486-2015 are respectively aimed at safety and electrical performance tests of monomers/modules. GB/T 31467-2015 series refers to ISO 12405 series and is suitable for testing battery packs or battery systems, while GB/T 31484-2015 is a test standard specifically for cycle life, with standard cycle life for monomers and modules and working cycle life for battery packs and systems. In 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the ''Electric Bus Safety Technical Conditions'', which comprehensively considered personnel electric shock, water dust protection, fire protection, charging safety, collision safety, remote monitoring, etc., and fully borrowed from existing traditional passenger cars and electric vehicles. Standards and local standards such as Shanghai and Beijing put forward higher technical requirements for power batteries, adding two test items: thermal runaway and thermal runaway expansion, it was officially implemented on January 1, 2017.
Table 2 Commonly used power lithium-ion battery standards in China
Analysis of 3. Domestic and Foreign Power Lithium-ion Battery Standards analysis of domestic and foreign power lithium-ion battery standards Most of the international standards were promulgated around 2010, with many revisions and new standards being introduced one after another. GB/Z 18333. 1: 2001 was issued in 2001. It can be seen that my country's electric vehicle lithium-ion battery standard started not too late in the world, but its development is relatively slow. Since the release of the QC/T 743 standard in 2006, there has been no standard update in China for a long time, and there is no standard for battery packs or systems before the release of the new national standard in 2015. The above-mentioned domestic and foreign standards differ in terms of scope of application, content of test items, strictness of test items and criteria for determination. IEC 62660 series, QC/T 743, GB/T 31486 and GB/T 31485 are for battery cell and module level testing, while UL2580, SAE J2929, ISO12405 and GB/T 31467 series are suitable for battery pack and battery system testing. In addition to IEC 62660, other foreign standards basically involve battery pack or system level testing. SAE J2929 and ECE R100. 2 even mention vehicle level testing. This shows that foreign standards have taken more into account the application of batteries in the vehicle, which is more in line with the needs of practical applications. all test items can be divided into two categories: electrical performance and safety and reliability, and safety and reliability can be divided into mechanical reliability, environmental reliability, abuse reliability and electrical reliability. Mechanical reliability, which simulates the mechanical stress on the vehicle during driving, such as vibration, which simulates the bumps of the vehicle on the road; Environmental reliability, which simulates the endurance of the vehicle in different climates, such as temperature cycling, which simulates the situation when the vehicle is in a large temperature difference between day and night or when driving back and forth in cold and hot areas; Abuse of reliability, such as fire, to investigate the safety of the battery when it is subjected to improper use; electrical reliability, such as protection test items, mainly examines whether the battery management system (BMS) can play a protective role at critical times. In terms of battery cells, IEC 62660 is divided into two independent standards, IEC 62660-1 and IEC 62660-2, which correspond to performance and reliability tests respectively. GB/T 31485 and GB/T 31486 are evolved from QC/T 743. Vibration resistance is classified as performance test in GB/T 31486, because the test item is to investigate the influence of battery vibration on battery performance. Compared with IEC 62660-2, the test items of GB/T 31485 are more stringent, such as needling and seawater immersion. In terms of battery pack and battery system testing, whether it is electrical performance or reliability, American standards cover the most test items. In terms of performance testing, DOE/ ID-11069 has more test items than other standards, such as hybrid pulse power characteristics (HPPC), operating set point stability, calendar life, reference performance, impedance spectrum, module control inspection test, thermal management load and system level test combined with life verification. The analysis method of the electrical performance test results is introduced in detail in the appendix of the standard, in which the HPPC test can be used to detect the peak power of the power battery, and the DC internal resistance test method derived from it has been widely used in the study of the internal resistance characteristics of the battery. In terms of reliability, UL2580 has more test items than other standards: unbalanced battery pack charging, withstand voltage, insulation, continuity test and cooling/heating stabilization system failure test, etc. It also includes basic safety tests for battery pack components on the production line, and strengthens safety review requirements in BMS, cooling system and protection circuit design. SAE J2929 proposes to perform failure analysis on various parts of the battery system and save relevant documentation materials, including improvement measures for easy identification of failures. ISO 12405 series standards include both battery performance and safety. ISO 12405-1 is a battery performance test standard for high-power applications and ISO 12405-2 is a battery performance test standard for high-energy applications. The former has more cold start and hot start. GB/T 31467 series combines the development of power batteries in China and is modified according to the contents of ISO 12405 series standards. Different from other standards, SAE J 2929 and ECE R100. 2 both involve the requirements of high-voltage protection and belong to the safety category of electric vehicles. The relevant test items in our country are in GB/T 18384, and GB/T 31467. 3 points out that the battery pack and battery system should meet the relevant requirements of GB/T 18384. 1 and GB/T 18384. 3 before safety testing. for the same test items, the test methods and criteria specified in different standards are also different. For example, for the state of charge (SOC) of the test sample, GB/T 31467. 3 requires the sample to be in full charge state; ISO 12405 requires the SOC of power battery to be 50% and that of energy battery to be 100. ECE R100. 2 requires the SOC of the battery to be above 50%; UN38. 3 has different requirements for different test items, and some test items also require cycled batteries. In addition, it is also required that highly simulated, thermal test, vibration, shock and external short circuit must be tested with the same sample, which is relatively more stringent. For vibration testing, ISO 12405 requires samples to be vibrated at different ambient temperatures. The recommended high and low temperatures are 75°C and -40°C, respectively. Other standards do not have this requirement. For the fire test, the experimental method and parameter setting in GB/T 31467. 3 are not much different from ISO 12405. 3, which are preheating, direct fire and indirect fire by igniting fuel. However, GB/T 31467. 3 requires that if there is a flame in the sample, it must be extinguished within 2 min, while ISO 12405 does not require the time for the flame to be extinguished. The fire test in SAE J2929 is different from the previous two, it requires that the sample be placed in a thermal radiation container, rapidly heated to 890 ℃ within 90s and kept for 10 min, and no components or substances shall pass through the metal mesh cover placed outside the test sample.4. the inadequacy of existing domestic standards although the formulation and release of relevant national standards have filled the gaps in China's power lithium-ion battery assembly systems and have been widely used, there are still shortcomings. In terms of test objects: all standards only specify the test of new batteries, and there are no relevant regulations and requirements for used batteries. There is no problem with the batteries when they leave the factory, which does not mean that they are still safe after a period of use. Therefore, it is necessary to use different time The same test for the battery is equivalent to regular physical examination. Result judgment: The current judgment is based on a wide range and a single, only no leakage, no shell rupture, no fire and no explosion provisions, the lack of a quantifiable evaluation system. The European Automotive Research and Technology Development Council (EUCAR) divides the degree of battery hazard into 8 levels, which has certain reference significance. Test items: GB/T31467.3 lacks the test contents of battery pack and battery system in thermal management and thermal runaway, and thermal safety performance is very important to batteries. How to control the thermal runaway of single batteries and prevent the thermal runaway from spreading is of great significance. The mandatory implementation of "Safety Technical Conditions for Electric Buses" also illustrates this point. In addition, from the vehicle application level, for non-destructive reliability testing, such as environmental reliability, it is necessary to add electrical performance testing after the test is completed to simulate the impact of the vehicle's performance after environmental changes. Test method: The cycle life test of battery pack and battery system takes too long, affects the product development cycle, and is difficult to perform well. How to develop a reasonable accelerated cycle life test is a difficult point.
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