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Three questions about new energy vehicle batteries: safety? standardization? Pollution hazard?
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- Time of issue:2021-09-27 13:17
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(Summary description)When new energy vehicles are "explosive growth", as an important part of the industry, the recycling of retired power batteries has hidden risks. Industry insiders pointed out that by 2020, the total decommissioning of power batteries in my country is about 200,000 tons, of which a considerable proportion will flow into informal channels such as small workshops, bringing safety and environmental hazards.
Three questions about new energy vehicle batteries: safety? standardization? Pollution hazard?
(Summary description)When new energy vehicles are "explosive growth", as an important part of the industry, the recycling of retired power batteries has hidden risks. Industry insiders pointed out that by 2020, the total decommissioning of power batteries in my country is about 200,000 tons, of which a considerable proportion will flow into informal channels such as small workshops, bringing safety and environmental hazards.
- Categories:Industry News
- Author:
- Origin:
- Time of issue:2021-09-27 13:17
- Views:
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Retired batteries may bring about “explosive pollution”
When new energy vehicles are "explosive growth", as an important part of the industry, the recycling of retired power batteries has hidden risks. Industry insiders pointed out that by 2020, the total decommissioning of power batteries in my country is about 200,000 tons, of which a considerable proportion will flow into informal channels such as small workshops, bringing safety and environmental hazards.
A large number of retired power batteries flow into the “black market”
As the intelligentization and networking of automobiles have become the consensus of the industry, the "Smart Car War" is extremely hot. While scrambling for entry-side "ferry tickets", the processing and reuse of new energy vehicles at the end of their life cycle are often chaotic.
After the "price comparison of the three", recently, a new energy car owner sold the battery of his new energy car at a price of more than 10,000 yuan. A worker in the second-hand car market told reporters that these waste power batteries still have great economic value.
Data from the China Automotive Technology Research Center show that in 2020, the cumulative decommissioning of power batteries in my country will be about 200,000 tons (about 25GWh), and the cumulative decommissioning will be about 780,000 tons (about 116GWh) in 2025.
In order to ensure the recovery of power batteries, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "Interim Measures for the Management of the Recycling of Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles" in 2018, requiring automobile manufacturers to bear the main responsibility for the recovery of power batteries. Since 2018, a total of 27 companies have entered the list of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology that meets the "Industry Standard Conditions for Comprehensive Utilization of New Energy Vehicle Waste Power Batteries", commonly known as "White List".
However, due to multiple factors, most of the retired power batteries did not flow into the formal channels. Instead, they were snapped up by some unqualified, low environmental protection cost small factories “high price”. "Because of cost constraints, many regular car companies and battery processing companies are in the dilemma that it is difficult to recycle scrap power batteries. "Said Zhang Zheming, an associate researcher at the Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute of Beijing Institute of Technology.
“The major OEMs are carrying out battery recycling business, but the OEMs actually collect not many decommissioned batteries. "Feng Xingya, general manager of GAC Group, said.
Shu Xin, the chairman of Jinao Group, said that consumers do not understand the information on battery recycling channels, and the power to voluntarily hand in retired batteries is insufficient, resulting in a large number of retired batteries not entering the recycling process.
Avoid “explosive growth” bring about “explosive pollution”
The safe recycling and utilization of power batteries for new energy vehicles is of great importance. Some experts say that a cell phone battery with a mass of 20 grams can pollute 1 square kilometer of land for about 50 years. Larger and heavier electric vehicle power batteries contain heavy metals such as nickel, cobalt, and manganese. The lithium hexafluorophosphate in the electrolyte is in the air environment. It is easy to hydrolyze to produce harmful substances such as phosphorus pentafluoride and hydrogen fluoride, which may pose a greater threat to the environment, but the current power battery recycling market still has multiple problems.
First of all, industry irregularities have led to "bad money driving out good money". GEM Co., Ltd. is one of the 27 “whitelisted” companies. Zhang Yuping, the company’s deputy general manager, said that the standardized investment and environmental protection investment of formal enterprises account for a lot of costs, while non-standardized enterprises and small workshops are almost the same in this regard. With zero investment, batteries can be bought at a higher price, creating unfair competition in the industry.
Retired power batteries still have a lot of value, such as a 50,000 yuan power battery that is worth tens of thousands of yuan after retiring. The reporter searched on the Xianyu platform and found that 156 people "want" a second-hand lithium iron phosphate battery with a price tag of several thousand yuan.
Jian Yihui, the product manager of the integrated battery trading service platform “Battery House”, said that the current power battery recycling is mainly a seller’s market, and most sellers want the higher price to get it, not whether the company is formal and qualified.
Secondly, it is difficult to recycle batteries. After the sale of electric vehicles, the property rights are transferred, and it is difficult to impose mandatory regulations on battery recycling. At the same time, the supply of scrap power batteries is scattered, and a complete battery recycling system has not been established in China, and it is difficult to collect used batteries in a unified manner. The high cost of long-distance transportation also makes it difficult for car companies and recycling companies to recycle used batteries.
Third, the policy system needs to be improved. Some industry insiders said that although the country has successively issued a series of laws and regulations, the specific implementation rules are not very clear, and enterprises have troubles in actual operations.
The chaos of power battery recycling has undoubtedly brought huge potential environmental pollution hazards. Zhang Zheming said that in the process of dismantling and crushing power batteries and extracting valuable metals, some "small workshops" do not treat the generated exhaust gas, waste liquid, and waste residue, or even discharge them arbitrarily. Because the technology is not in place, the resource utilization efficiency of used batteries is low, there is a waste of resources, and there is a risk of explosion during the dismantling process.
Zhang Yuping believes that my country has ushered in a new energy vehicle boom after 2015, and the general power battery will be retired in 5 to 6 years. In the next few years, the industry will enter the "peak period", new energy The safety and pollution threats brought about by the explosive growth of automobiles need to be taken seriously.
“Green travel” more importantly“green update”
This year’s government work report proposes to speed up the construction of a power battery recycling system. Industry insiders believe that my country’s new energy automobile industry has developed rapidly in recent years, but the current battery recycling network is not sound. A recycling matrix should be established that is coordinated by car companies, battery companies, recycling companies, and logistics companies to increase battery recycling rates. , To lay a solid foundation for the rapid development of new energy vehicles, a strategic emerging industry.
Based on this, a traceability system for the whole process of the battery from "birth" to "death" should be established. Shu Xin believes that for the development of the power battery recycling industry, battery flow control is very important. It is recommended to use blockchain technology to establish a national-level power battery management and control information system to achieve full traceability.
Zhang Yuping said that there are currently two main ways to recycle, one is cascade utilization of power batteries, and the other is regeneration. For example, when the battery capacity is above 40% to 80%, it can be used for secondary use in other industries; when the battery capacity is below 40%, the battery is disassembled and raw materials are recycled. But from the actual situation, the use of each new energy vehicle is different, and the quality of the recycled batteries is uneven. He suggested that relevant departments should strengthen guidance, while enterprises should increase investment in research and development, and expand the application scenarios of cascade utilization of power batteries for new energy vehicles.
Many industry experts also suggest improving standards and regulating order. For example, the recycling of power batteries needs to strengthen the extended system of producer responsibility; at the same time, strengthen the crackdown on illegal assembly and simple assembly of power batteries, regulate the safety and environmental protection issues of power battery recycling, and clarify high-voltage lines.
“Only by establishing a complete and efficient battery recycling system can it be possible to truly solve the problem of battery recycling difficulties. "Zhang Zheming said.
Use technological innovation to ensure battery safety
In fact, safety is the "lifeline" of all car companies, and all car companies have taken a variety of measures to ensure safety. For example, according to the person in charge of SAIC passenger cars, their batteries are designed in strict accordance with the "U.S. safety standard UL-2580" and "ASIL D, the highest safety level of automotive electronics", reaching IP67 and IP69K dual waterproof ratings; they also have the first Advanced technologies such as the second-generation EDU intelligent electric drive gearbox, the green core 90kW high-efficiency permanent magnet synchronous motor, and the second-generation HCU hybrid central controller can provide users with security guarantees.
Innovative technology will ensure battery safety
In recent years, many car companies and power battery companies have greatly improved the safety of new energy vehicles through technological innovation.
“In the future, our batteries will be very safe and can produce ‘non-burning batteries’. Some batteries are working in this direction, such as BYD’s blade batteries. And everyone is developing solid-state batteries. After solid-state battery technology matures and is widely promoted, fires will basically not happen again. ” said Wang Binggang, head of the National New Energy Vehicle Innovation Engineering Expert Group.
In 2020, BYD will launch blade batteries. According to Li Yunfei, general manager of BYD's brand and public relations division, the volumetric specific energy density of the blade battery has increased by 50%, and it has passed the most stringent acupuncture test in the industry, raising the safety of electric vehicles to a new level. At the same time, the blade battery has excellent cycle performance, with a service life of one million kilometers, and does not contain rare metals such as nickel and cobalt.
The relevant person in charge of Chery Automobile said that a new generation of semi-solid batteries is currently being developed. Through a unique micro-cell structure design, the internal diaphragm thermal shrinkage rate during short-circuit is slowed; at the same time, the process reduces burrs and metal particle pollution. , Which reduces the risk of internal short circuit in the battery; through the innovative design of a new generation of semi-solid thick electrodes, the use of inactive materials is reduced, and the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is increased, which can reach more than 300Wh/kg.
“Safety is guaranteed by the whole process of design, manufacture and use. "Wang Yao said that in the future, efforts should be made to improve the level of safety design technology and the safety margin of battery thermal management in vehicle design; to ensure the purity of materials in the manufacturing process, maintain and calibrate production equipment, and improve process accuracy and consistency; In the test and verification, the design finalization and reliability and durability test progress should be guaranteed in full and sufficient quantities; product life cycle management and quality traceability should be strengthened in the charging, use, maintenance and maintenance of vehicles, and various measures should be taken to ensure safety.
Pure electric vehicles have become the mainstream of the development of new energy vehicles in my country. At the same time, safety issues have also become the focus of many consumers' concerns.
The proportion of fire accidents is much lower than that of traditional fuel vehicles
Tesla, who was pushed to the cusp of the storm, has not yet settled, and one after another. A few days ago, a Tesla in Zengcheng, Guangzhou hit a concrete wall on the right side of Dongjiang Avenue North and caught fire spontaneously, which once again triggered public opinion and public concerns about the safety of pure electric vehicles.
But the data shows that, overall, the proportion of fire accidents in new energy vehicles is much lower than that of traditional fuel vehicles.
“From 2018 to 2019, relevant ministries and commissions carried out special investigations on new energy vehicle fire accidents, and found that about 0.8 fire accidents occurred per 10,000 new energy vehicles in my country, but for several consecutive years, per 10,000 traditional fuel vehicles There were between 2.2 and 4 fire accidents. ” Zhang Jinhua, executive vice chairman and secretary-general of the Chinese Society of Automotive Engineers, said that he should have full confidence in the safety of new energy vehicles.
Data from the national monitoring and management platform for new energy vehicles shows that before the outbreak of the new crown pneumonia, the fire accident rate of new energy vehicles in my country in 2019 was 0.049‰, and according to the data released by the Ministry of Public Security and other relevant departments, The fire accident rate is about 0.1‰ to 0.2‰.
“Furthermore, the fire accident rate of new energy vehicles in my country is significantly lower than that in foreign countries. "Said Wang Yao, Assistant Secretary-General and Minister of Technology Department of China Automobile Manufacturers Association.
Ensure battery safety needs to start with system safety
Batteries, electronic controls and motors are the core three-electric systems of new energy vehicles. Most fire accidents are mainly caused by the failure of the three-electric system.
“With the large number of long-range vehicles on the market, the use of high-energy-density ternary batteries has become an important direction for market development. From the analysis of most of the reported fire accidents of new energy vehicles, most of these vehicles use a ternary material system. "Wang Yao said.
So, is the safety of ternary batteries not guaranteed? The answer is not so.
“Nowadays, the safety problem of new energy vehicles has gradually shifted from pure battery safety to the system safety level. Through various safety measures of the whole system to improve safety, the safety problem of ternary battery can be achieved to a certain extent. Preventable and controllable. "Wang Yao said.
Since 2017, CATL has defended its title as the global power battery installed capacity champion for four consecutive years. From the perspective of CATL, battery safety is a system engineering that runs through the entire battery use process.
The person in charge of the company introduced that in terms of materials, CATL has developed high-stability cathode materials and high-safety electrolytes, and the battery's high-temperature tolerance has increased by 40°C. In terms of batteries, a highly integrated internal short-circuit-proof electrode is designed, which greatly improves the robustness under extreme conditions. In terms of battery management system, based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the battery, it can accurately control the safety boundaries such as temperature, voltage, and current, and identify risks and give early warnings in the first time.
“The self-isolation safety technology developed by the Ningde era can effectively prevent thermal diffusion. This technology enables the 811 ternary battery system to not only easily pass the thermal diffusion test
The battery swap mode “racing” still needs to be standardized to clear the way
Under the background of rapid growth in the number of new energy vehicles, the power exchange mode with higher energy supplement efficiency is quickly "heating up". Many companies have indicated that they will carry out R&D and deployment of power exchange models. Experts believe that standardization is a bottleneck problem that needs to be broken through in the development of power exchange mode.
Multiple car companies deploy battery swapping models
At the 2021 Shanghai International Auto Show held recently, Aodong New Energy, a battery swap operator, demonstrated how to use a new generation of technology to achieve shared battery swaps for multi-brand models, and conducted a 20-second battery swap demonstration on-site. In recent years, many companies have entered the battery swap market, and the battery swap mode seems to have started the "racing" stage.
According to the reporter's preliminary statistics, Dongfeng, Weilai, BAIC, Changan, SAIC, Geely, Yutong Bus, Guojin Automobile, China Southern Power Grid, Sinopec and other related companies have successively stated that they will deploy power exchange models. According to data from the China Charging Alliance, as of March 2021, 613 replacement power stations have been put into operation across the country, including 307 Aodong New Energy, 192 Weilai, and 164 Hangzhou Botan Technology. Weilai also plans to increase the company's total number of power exchange stations nationwide to 500 within this year.
The relevant person in charge of the Ningde Times told reporters that the company has joined hands with Weilai to launch the car-electric separation model, and on this basis, launched the BaaS (battery rental service) business, and is currently building a battery rental based on the car-electric separation model. Purchasing, replacing electricity, and cascading utilization and recycling, etc., to create a closed loop of battery life cycle services.
Liu Shuying, vice president of Jiangling Motors Co., Ltd., believes that the battery swap mode is a supplement to the charging mode of electric vehicles. It is still in the initial stage of promotion, and the main users are high-end models and operating vehicles. "Jiangling Motors will also launch battery replacement models one after another. "Said Liu Shuying.
According to the analysis of industry experts, since the second half of 2019, the growth rate of domestic new energy vehicle sales has slowed down, and subsidies have been withdrawn substantially, making it difficult to digest current manufacturing costs, and vehicle sales prices are still high. At the same time, due to the insufficient efficiency of charging infrastructure, the lack of self-owned parking spaces, and the difficulty of power grid expansion, the construction of charging piles is not as expected, so the power exchange mode of separation of vehicles and electricity has attracted more attention.
The battery swap mode has both advantages and difficulties
In fact, the reason why the battery swap mode has attracted attention lies in its unique advantages compared to the charging mode.
“The complete separation of the vehicle and the battery can bring huge benefits to users. "Shen Fei, vice president of power management of Shanghai Weilai Automobile Co., Ltd., said that in the battery swap mode, users do not need to worry about battery degradation and life issues, and can fully enjoy the dividends brought by battery upgrade technology in the future.
“NIO has sold more than 100,000 vehicles so far. On the premise that 70% of users have home charging stations, users have accumulated more than 2 million battery exchanges, and each user has exchanged electricity 20 times on average. . This shows that the frequency of user switching is relatively high, and it also shows that users are very appreciative of the mode of switching. "Shen Fei said.
The most intuitive feeling given to consumers by the battery swap mode may be the decline in the price of new energy vehicles. Currently, battery costs account for about 25% to 40% of the cost of electric vehicles. The relevant person in charge of Ningde Times stated that the separation of car and electricity through the battery swap mode can make the purchase cost of electric vehicles lower than that of fuel vehicles of the same level, solving the problem of expensive cars; the battery swap mode can use low-power battery packs and battery rental fees. In addition, the cost of electricity is 1/3 to 1/4 of the same level of fuel vehicles, which can effectively reduce the cost of use.
Not only that, the battery charging time is more flexible in the battery swap mode, which can better cooperate with grid operations, and may even further play the role of peak regulation, reduce electricity costs, and improve electricity efficiency.
However, there are bottlenecks in the power exchange business model that need to be broken. Among them, standardization has become the biggest problem.
“Battery standards must be unified across the industry, and there will be too much resistance. "Some people in the industry bluntly said that the current domestic power exchange model has not formed a unified pattern, and the battery technology, standards and specifications between car companies are very different. The construction of the power station is also in the "single fight" stage, and the large-scale circulation of batteries exists. obstacle. At the same time, the high operating cost and long payback period of substation replacement are also issues that worries investors.
The promotion of power exchange mode requires promotion of standardization construction
So, will the battery swap mode become the mainstream of the development of new energy vehicles? At the policy level, the "New Energy Automobile Industry Development Plan (2021-2035)" pointed out that "encourage the application of battery swap models".
Experts said that battery replacement and charging should be differentiated choices for market segments, rather than confrontations within the system. It is expected that the battery swap mode may continue to grow on the operating side, and it needs to be explored continuously on the consumer side. In the future, charging may be the mainstay, with battery swapping as a supplement.
“The battery swap mode and the charging mode should not be opposed. "Shen Fei suggested that in places where the user density is relatively high, or in high-speed service areas where users have high time requirements, power station replacement can be used. "In places where users stay for a long time, such as residential quarters or office buildings, charging piles should be built. "He said.
Experts said that the battery swap technology is currently more suitable for operating vehicles with long operating hours, such as taxis or online car-hailing. These vehicles can maintain greater unity at the beginning of design and manufacture, and battery standardization is not difficult, and under the model of separation of vehicle and electricity and battery lease, the operating company's vehicle purchase and vehicle costs may be reduced.
“To promote the development of battery swap mode, first of all, we must accelerate the standardization of batteries. "Said Wang Yao, Assistant Secretary-General and Minister of Technology Department of China Automobile Manufacturers Association.
Wang Binggang, leader of the National New Energy Vehicle Innovation Engineering Expert Group, believes that the public sector should rationally arrange charging and replacing facilities according to the needs of different vehicles. “How to develop the battery swap model in the next step must be based on reality. At the same time, if we want to develop power swaps on a large scale, we must solve the problems of standardization, such as sharing power swaps for everyone to reduce land occupation. "Wang Binggang said.
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