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Summary of battery testing standards
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- Time of issue:2021-09-27 13:12
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(Summary description)Table 1 lists commonly used lithium-ion battery testing standards abroad. The standard issuing bodies mainly include the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and relevant EU institutions.
Summary of battery testing standards
(Summary description)Table 1 lists commonly used lithium-ion battery testing standards abroad. The standard issuing bodies mainly include the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and relevant EU institutions.
- Categories:Industry News
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- Time of issue:2021-09-27 13:12
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1. Foreign power lithium-ion battery standards
Table 1 lists commonly used lithium-ion battery testing standards abroad. The standard issuing bodies mainly include the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Underwriters Laboratories (UL), the American Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and relevant EU institutions.
Table 1 Commonly used foreign power lithium-ion battery standards
1 International standard
The power lithium-ion battery standards issued by IEC mainly include IEC 62660-1:2010 "Lithium-ion battery cells for electric road vehicles Part 1: Performance testing" and IEC 62660-2: 2010 "Lithium for electric road vehicles" Ion Power Battery Cell Part 2: Reliability and Abuse Test". UN 38.3 "United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Standards and Test Manual" promulgated by the United Nations Transportation Commission, the requirements for lithium battery testing are for the safety of batteries during transportation.
ISO standards for power lithium-ion batteries include ISO 12405-1: 2011 "Electric Drive Vehicles ——— Lithium-ion Power Battery Packs and System Test Procedures Part 1: High Power Applications", ISO 12405 -2: 2012 "Electric Drive Vehicles — — Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and System Test Procedures Part 2: High Energy Applications" and ISO 12405-3: 2014 "Electric Drive Vehicles — — Lithium Ion Power Battery Packs and System Test Procedure Part 3: Safety Requirements", which respectively target high-power batteries, high-energy batteries, and safety performance requirements. The purpose is to provide vehicle manufacturers with optional test items and test methods.
2 American Standard
UL 2580:2011 "Batteries for Electric Vehicles" mainly evaluates the reliability of battery abuse and the ability to protect personnel when abuse causes harm. This standard was revised in 2013.
SAE has a large and complete standard system in the automotive field. SAE J2464: 2009 "Safety and Abuse Testing of Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles" promulgated in 2009 is an early batch of vehicle battery abuse test manuals applied in North America and the world. It clearly points out The scope of application of each test item and the data to be collected, as well as suggestions for the number of samples required for the test item.
The SAE J2929: 2011 "Safety Standards for Electric and Hybrid Battery Systems" promulgated in 2011 is a safety standard proposed by SAE in summarizing various power battery related standards promulgated before. It includes two parts: The driving process of electric vehicles Tests for routine conditions and abnormal conditions that may occur in the
SAE J2380: 2013 "Vibration Test of Electric Vehicle Batteries" is a classic standard for vibration testing of electric vehicle batteries. Based on the statistical results of the vibration load spectrum of actual vehicles traveling on the road, the test method is more in line with the actual vehicle. The vibration situation has important reference value.
3 Other organization standards
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is mainly responsible for energy policy formulation, energy industry management, and energy-related technology research and development. In 2002, the US government established the "Freedom CAR" (Freedom CAR) project, and successively issued the Freedom CAR power-assisted hybrid electric vehicle battery test manual and the electric and hybrid vehicle energy storage system abuse test manual.
The German Automobile Industry Association (VDA) is an association formed by Germany to unify the various standards of the domestic automobile industry. The standards issued are VDA 2007 "Battery System Testing for Hybrid Electric Vehicles", mainly for lithium Performance and reliability test of ion battery system.
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) R100. 2 "Uniform Provisions on the Approval of Vehicles Regarding Special Requirements for Electric Vehicles" is the specific requirements formulated by ECE for electric vehicles. The whole is divided into two parts: The first part is for the protection of the entire vehicle in the motor , Rechargeable energy storage systems, functional safety and hydrogen emissions have been regulated in four aspects. The second part is the new specific requirements for the safety and reliability of rechargeable energy storage systems.
2. Domestic power lithium-ion battery standards
In 2001, the Automotive Standardization Committee issued my country’s first electric vehicle lithium-ion battery testing guidance technical document GB/Z 18333. 1: 2011 "Lithium-ion battery for electric road vehicles." The standard was formulated with reference to IEC 61960-2:2000 "Portable Lithium Batteries and Battery Packs Part 2: Lithium Battery Packs", lithium ion batteries and battery packs used in portable devices, the test content includes performance and safety, but only applicable It is compatible with 21.6V and 14.4V batteries.
In 2006, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued QC/T 743 "Lithium-ion Power Battery for Electric Vehicles", which was widely used in the industry and was revised in 2012. GB/Z 18333. 1: 2001 and QC/T 743: 2006 are standards for single and module levels, with a narrow application range, and the test content is no longer suitable for the needs of the fast-developing electric vehicle industry.
In 2015, the National Standardization Management Committee issued a series of standards, GB/T 31484-2015 "Requirements and Test Methods for Cycle Life of Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles" and GB/T 31485-2015 "Safety Requirements for Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles" And Test Methods", GB/T 31486-2015 "Electrical Performance Requirements and Test Methods of Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles" and GB/T 31467. 1-2015 "Lithium-ion Power Battery Packs and Systems for Electric Vehicles Part 1 High Power Applications Test procedures, GB/T 31467. 2-2015 "Lithium-ion power battery packs and systems for electric vehicles Part 2 Test procedures for high-energy applications, GB/T 31467. 3 "Test procedures for lithium-ion power battery systems for electric vehicles No. 3 Part of the safety requirements and test methods.
GB/T 31485-2015 and GB/T 31486-2015 are for the safety and electrical performance test of the unit/module respectively. The GB/T 31467-2015 series refer to the ISO 12405 series and are suitable for battery packs or battery systems GB/T 31484-2015 is a test standard specifically for cycle life. Standard cycle life is used for monomers and modules, and cycle life under working conditions is used for battery packs and systems.
In 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued the "Technical Conditions for Safety of Electric Passenger Cars", which comprehensively considers the aspects of electric shock, water and dust protection, fire protection, charging safety, collision safety, and remote monitoring, and fully draws on the existing traditional passenger cars, Related standards for electric vehicles and local standards such as Shanghai and Beijing put forward higher technical requirements for power batteries, adding two test items for thermal runaway and thermal runaway expansion, which were officially implemented on January 1, 2017.
Table 2 Commonly used domestic power lithium-ion battery standards
Three, domestic and foreign power lithium-ion battery standards analysis
Analysis of domestic and foreign power lithium-ion battery standards. Most of the international standards were promulgated around 2010. There are many revisions and new standards have been introduced one after another. GB/Z 18333. 1: 2001 was issued in 2001. It can be seen that my country's lithium-ion battery standards for electric vehicles started not too late in the world, but the development is relatively slow. Since the QC/T 743 standard was released in 2006, there has been no standard update in my country for a long time, and before the new national standard was released in 2015, there was no standard for battery packs or systems. The above-mentioned domestic and foreign standards differ in the scope of application, test item content, test item rigor and determination criteria.
1 Scope of application
IEC 62660 series, QC/T 743, GB/T 31486 and GB/T 31485 are for battery cell and module level tests, UL2580, SAE J2929, ISO12405 and GB/T 31467 series are suitable for battery packs and Battery system testing. In addition to IEC 62660, other foreign standards basically involve battery pack or system-level testing. SAE J2929 and ECE R100. 2 even mention vehicle-level testing. This shows that the formulation of foreign standards has given more consideration to the application of batteries in the entire vehicle, which is more in line with the needs of actual applications.
2 Test item content
On the whole, all test items can be divided into electrical performance and safety reliability, and safety reliability can be divided into mechanical reliability, environmental reliability, abuse reliability and electrical reliability.
Mechanical reliability, which simulates the mechanical stress of the vehicle during driving, such as vibration, which simulates the bumps of the vehicle on the road; environmental reliability, which simulates the tolerance of the vehicle in different climates, such as temperature cycle simulation The situation of the vehicle when the temperature difference between day and night is large or driving back and forth in cold and hot areas; abuse of reliability, such as fire, to investigate the safety of the battery when subjected to improper use; electrical reliability, such as protection test items, mainly Examine whether the battery management system (BMS) can play a protective role at critical times.
In terms of battery cells, IEC 62660 is divided into two independent standards, IEC 62660-1 and IEC 62660-2, which correspond to performance and reliability tests respectively. GB/T 31485 and GB/T 31486 evolved from QC/T 743. In GB/T 31486, vibration resistance is classified as a performance test, because this test item is to investigate the impact of battery vibration on battery performance. Compared with IEC 62660-2, the test items of GB/T 31485 are more stringent, such as adding needle punching and sea water immersion.
In the testing of battery packs and battery systems, whether it is electrical performance or reliability, American standards cover the most test items. In terms of performance testing, DOE/ID-11069 has more test items than other standards including hybrid pulse power characteristics (HPPC), operating set point stability, calendar life, reference performance, impedance spectroscopy, module control inspection testing, and thermal management load. And system level testing combined with life verification.
In the appendix of the standard, the analysis method of the electrical performance test results is introduced in detail. Among them, the HPPC test can be used to detect the peak power of the power battery, and the DC internal resistance test method derived from it has been widely used in the internal resistance of the battery Characteristic research. In terms of reliability, UL2580 has more test items than other standards: unbalanced battery pack charging, withstand voltage, insulation, continuity test and cooling/heating stability system failure test, etc. It also includes battery pack components on the production line The basic safety test for BMS, cooling system and protection circuit design, strengthened the safety review requirements. SAE J2929 proposes to analyze the failure of each part of the battery system, and save related documents and materials, including improvement measures for easy identification of failures.
ISO 12405 series of standards include both battery performance and safety. ISO 12405-1 is a battery performance test standard for high-power applications, and ISO 12405-2 is a battery performance test standard for high-energy applications. The former is more Two contents of cold start and hot start. The GB/T 31467 series combines the development status of power batteries in my country and is modified according to the content of the ISO 12405 series of standards.
Different from other standards: SAE J 2929 and ECE R100. 2 both involve high-voltage protection requirements and belong to the category of electric vehicle safety. The relevant test items in my country are in GB/T 18384, and GB/T 31467. 3 points out that battery packs and battery systems must meet the relevant requirements of GB/T 18384. 1 and GB/T 18384. 3 before conducting safety tests.
3 Strict degree
For the same test item, the test methods and judgment criteria specified in different standards are not the same. For example, for the state of charge (SOC) of the test sample, GB/T 31467. 3 requires the sample to be fully charged; ISO 12405 requires a power battery SOC of 50% and an energy battery SOC of 100%; ECE R100. 2 The SOC of the battery is required to be more than 50%; UN38. 3 has different requirements for different test items, and some test items also require cycled batteries.
In addition, it is also required that a high degree of simulation, thermal test, vibration, shock and external short circuit must be tested with the same sample, which is relatively more stringent. For vibration testing, ISO 12405 requires samples to be vibrated at different ambient temperatures. The recommended high and low temperatures are 75°C and -40°C, respectively. Other standards do not have this requirement.
For the fire test, the experimental methods and parameter settings in GB/T 31467. 3 are not much different from ISO 12405.3. 31467. 3 requires the sample to be extinguished within 2 minutes if there is a flame. ISO 12405 does not require the time to extinguish the flame. The fire test in SAE J2929 is different from the previous two. It requires the sample to be placed in a heat radiation container within 90 seconds. Raise the temperature to 890°C quickly and keep it for 10 minutes, and no components or substances shall pass through the metal mesh cover placed on the outside of the test sample.
Four, the lack of existing domestic standards
Although the formulation and release of relevant national standards have filled the gap in my country's power lithium-ion battery assembly system and has been widely adopted, there are still shortcomings.
In terms of test objects: All standards only stipulate the test of new batteries. There are no relevant regulations and requirements for used batteries. There is no problem when the battery leaves the factory, which does not mean that it is still safe after a period of use. Therefore, it is necessary to Performing the same test with batteries at different times is equivalent to a regular physical examination.
In terms of result judgment: The current judgment basis is broad and single, with only no leakage, no shell rupture, no fire and no explosion, and there is no quantifiable judgment system. The European Commission for Automotive Research and Technology Development (EUCAR) divides the hazards of batteries into 8 levels, which has certain reference significance.
Test items: GB/T31467. 3 lacks the test content of battery pack and battery system in thermal management and thermal runaway, and thermal safety performance is very important to the battery. How to control the thermal runaway of the single battery to make the heat It is of great significance that the out-of-control situation does not spread. The mandatory implementation of the "Safety Technical Conditions for Electric Passenger Cars" also illustrates this point. In addition, from the perspective of vehicle application, for non-destructive reliability tests, such as environmental reliability, it is necessary to add electrical performance tests after the end of the test to simulate the impact of vehicle performance after environmental changes.
Test method: The cycle life test of battery pack and battery system takes too long, which affects the product development cycle and is difficult to perform well. How to develop a reasonable accelerated cycle life test is a difficult point.
Five. Summary
In recent years, my country has made great progress in the standard formulation and application of power lithium-ion batteries, but there is still a certain gap with foreign standards. In addition to testing standards, my country's standard system for lithium-ion batteries in other areas is also gradually improving. On November 9, 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "Comprehensive Standardization Technical System for Lithium Ion Batteries", pointing out that the future standard system includes five major parts: basic general purpose, materials and components, design and manufacturing processes, manufacturing and testing equipment, and battery products. Among them, safety standards are of great importance. With the update and development of power battery products, testing standards also need to improve the corresponding inspection technology to enhance the safety level of power batteries.
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